User:大天王皇子/Farsi

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Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet.

Name Transliteration IPA Final Medial Initial Isolated
alef ā / ㄚaa / ʼ / ʾ / ’ various, including [ɒ] ﺎ ﺎ * آ / ا * ﺍ
be ㄅb [b] ﺐ ﺒ ﺑ ﺏ
pe ㄆp [p] ﭗ ﭙ ﭙ پ
te ㄊt [t] ﺖ ﺘ ﺗ ﺕ
se ㄙs [s] ﺚ ﺜ ﺛ ﺙ
jim ㄐj [ʤ] ﺞ ﺠ ﺟ ﺝ
cim ㄑc / ㄔč / ch [ʧ] ﭻ ﭽ ﭼ ﭺ
he(-ye jimi) ㄏh [h] ﺢ ﺤ ﺣ ﺡ
xe ㄏx / ㄏkh [x] ﺦ ﺨ ﺧ ﺥ
dâl ㄉd [d] ﺪ ﺪ * ﺩ * ﺩ
zâl ㆡz [z] ﺬ ﺬ * ﺫ * ﺫ
re ㄖr [ɾ] ﺮ ﺮ * ﺭ * ﺭ
ze ㆡz [z] ﺰ ﺰ * ﺯ * ﺯ
že ㆡž / zh [ʒ] ﮋ ﮋ * ژ * ژ
sin ㄙs [s] ﺲ ﺴ ﺳ ﺱ
šin ㄒš / sh [ʃ] ﺶ ﺸ ﺷ ﺵ
sâd ㄙs [s] ﺺ ﺼ ﺻ ﺹ
zâd z [z] ﺾ ﻀ ﺿ ﺽ
tâ ㄊt [t] ﻂ ﻄ ﻃ ﻁ
zâ z [z] ﻆ ﻈ ﻇ ﻅ
eyn ʻ / ‘ [ʔ] ﻊ ﻌ ﻋ ﻉ
qeyn q / gh [ɣ] / [ɢ] ﻎ ﻐ ﻏ ﻍ
fe ㄈf [f] ﻒ ﻔ ﻓ ﻑ
qâf q / gh [q] / [ɢ] ﻖ ﻘ ﻗ ﻕ
kâf ㄎk [k] ﮏ ﮑ ﮐ ک
gâf ㄍg [g] ﮓ ﮕ ﮔ گ
lâm ㄌl [l] ﻞ ﻠ ﻟ ﻝ
mim ㄇm [m] ﻢ ﻤ ﻣ ﻡ
nun ㄋn [n] ﻦ ﻨ ﻧ ﻥ
vâv ㄪv / ㄨu / ㄨow [v] / [u] ﻮ ﻮ * و * و
he ㄏh [h] ﻪ ﻬ ﻫ ﻩ
ye ㄧy , ㄧi [j] , [i] ﯽ ﻴ ﻳ ﻯ
Exceptions[编辑]

There are seven letters in the Persian alphabet that do not connect to other letters like the rest of the letters in the alphabet. These seven letters do not have initial or medial forms but the solo and the final forms are used instead because they do not allow for a connection to be made on the left hand side to the other letters in the word. For example when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا "injā" (here), the initial form of alef is used. Or in the case of اِمروز "emruz" (today) the letter ﺮ re uses the final form and the letter و vāv uses the initial form although they are in the middle of the word.

Other characters[编辑]

The following are not actual letters, but rather different orthographical shapes for letters, and in the case of the lām alef, a ligature. As to ﺀ hamze, it has only a single graphic, since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vāv, ye or alef, and in that case the seat behaves like an ordinary vāv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamze is not a letter, but a diacritic.

Name Transliteration IPA Final Medial Initial Stand-alone
alef madde ā [ɒ] ﺂ — — ﺁ
he ye -eye or -eyeh [eje] ﮥ — — ۀ
lām alef lā [lɒ] ﻼ — — ﻻ
tanvin nasb -an [æn] ـاً — — اً

Although at first glance they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet, [p], [g], [ʧ] (ch – chair), [ʒ] (zh – measure):

Sound Shape Unicode name
[p] پ pe
[ʧ] (ch) چ che
[ʒ] (zh) ژ zhe
[g] گ gaf

Vocab[编辑]

Baba= dad

naan= bread

aab= water

javan= young

vatan= homeland

Transliteration[编辑]

Transliteration (in the strict sense) attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. Transliterations of Persian are used to represent individual Persian words or short quotations, in scholarly texts in English or other languages that do not use the Arabic alphabet.

A transliteration will still have separate representations for different consonants of the Persian alphabet that are pronounced identically in Persian. Therefore transliterations of Persian are often based on transliterations of Arabic. Persian-alphabet vowel representation is also complex, and transliterations are based on the written form.

Transliterations commonly used in the English-speaking world include BGN/PCGN romanization and ALA-LC Romanization.

Non-academic English-language quotation of Persian words usually uses a simplification of one of the strict transliteration schemes (typically omitting diacritical marks) and/or unsystematic choices of spellings meant to guide English speakers using English spelling rules towards an approximation of the Persian sounds.

An academic and standardized method for official transliteration of Persian also exists which is called Desphilic Persian Standard Romanization (Desphilic PSR). In this transliteration standard, all Persian words are transliterated to standard Latin-1 characters and therefore can be written using an ordinary English keyboard.

Transcription[编辑]

主文章：Persian transcription

Transcriptions of Persian attempt to straightforwardly represent Persian phonology in the Roman alphabet, without requiring a close or reversible correspondence with the Perso-Arabic script, and also without requiring a close correspondence to English-language phonetic values of Roman letters; for example, letters such as X, Q, C may be reused for Persian-language phonemes that are not present in English phonology or do not have a consistent or single-letter English spelling.

Proposed Roman-alphabet scripts intended to be a primary representation of Persian, for use by Persian speakers as an alternative to the Perso-Arabic script, fall into this category. Some of these proposed scripts are described at Omniglot.

Comparison of proposed Persian and neighboring Latin-based scripts[编辑]

IPA Pk UP EF tm az tk ku ASCII[1] English
/æ/ A a Ä ä Ə ə E e [2] a cat
/ɒː/ Á á Â â Ã ã A a [3] aa father[4]
/ʃ/ Sc sc Š š Ş ş sh ship
/ʒ/ Zc zc Ž ž J j zh[5] vision
/ʧ/ C c[6] Ç ç ch church
/ʤ/ J j C c j judge
/ɣ/[7] Q q[8] Ğ ğ gh[5] none
/χ/ X x[9] X x kh[5] none
/ʔ/ [10] ' ' [5] uh-oh
  1. ↑ E.g. when commenting in weblogs or when using cellphones to send SMS. See Arabic Chat Alphabet for a similar example.
  2. ↑ In Turkish, actually close-mid front unrounded vowel
  3. ↑ Actually open back unrounded vowel
  4. ↑ Similar to /ɑː/ of Received Pronunciation and /ɑ/ of General American plus additional roundedness, but not like the front /aː/ of Australian English.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Not used for this sound in native English words, but standard in transliterations of foreign languages such as ALA-LC Romanization
  6. ↑ Same value as in National Library at Kolkata romanization and other transliterations of Indic scripts, as well as in Malay/Indonesian
  7. ↑ When /ɣ/ occurs at the beginning of a word, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive ɢ
  8. ↑ Different sound than Arabic qāf, but both qaf and ghayn in Arabic words are pronounced with this sound in Persian
  9. ↑ Cyrillic kha and Azeri Roman x look the same and are used for the slightly different voiceless velar fricative sound
  10. ↑ Diacritic mark over following vowel added or changed

One common theme is that in transcriptions of Persian, the unmarked letter a is used for the front vowel /æ/, while accented or doubled versions of the letter are used for the back vowel /ɒː/; this is opposite to the conventions in Latin alphabets of Turkic languages, although similar to some romanizations of Arabic.

Romanization schemes[编辑]

UniPers[编辑]

UniPers, also called Pârsiye Jahâni (literally: global Persian) by its creators, is a proposed Latin-based alphabet for the Persian language. The system combines the basic Latin alphabet plus a few modified letters (Â/â, Š/š, Ž/ž, and an apostrophe).

The creators of the system have mentioned that they have the following criteria for their design of the system: serving the Persian language and no other, only using the Latin script, simplicity and ease of use by using a minimal number of diacritical letters and rules, one-to-one correspondence between the sound values of the language and the letters in the system (which may be relaxed in case of š and ž), and conformance with standard pronunciation of the language.[1]

Vowel as in Vowel as in
A a /æ/ㄝ I i /i/ㄧ
 â /ɑː/ㄚ O o /o/ㄡ
E e /e/ㄟ U u /u/ㄨ
Consonant as in Consonant as in
B b /b/ㄅ Q q /ɣ/
C c /ʧ/ㄑ R r /ɾ/ㄖ
D d /d/ㄉ S s /s/ㄙ
F f /f/ㄈ Š š /ʃ/ㄒ
G g /ɡ/ㄍ T t /t/ㄊ
H h /h/ㄏ V v /v/ㄪ
J j /dʒ/ㄐ W w /w/ㄨ; only used in diphthong ow and digraph xw
K k /k/ㄎ X x /χ/ㆷ
L l /l/ㄌ Y y /j/ㄧ
M m /m/ㄇ Z z /z/ㄗ
N n /n/ㄋ Ž ž /ʒ/ㆡ
P p /p/ㄆ ' /ʔ/
Digraph as Diphthong as in
xw xㄏ ow /oʊ/

Baha'i Farsi Romanization[编辑]

All officially translated Baha'i books from Persian to English use a standardized scheme that differ significantly from UniPers, especially in vowel presentation. For example, what is in UniPers "Tehran" is presented in many Baha'i translations as "Tihiran". The name of the Baha'i women's right activist and martyr "Táhirih" would be pronounced in Farsi according to the UniPers translation "Tahereh", but never printed as "Tahereh" in Baha'i books. The use of "i" in the case of "Tahereh", illustrates the Baha'i system's emphasis on literal correspondence with the Farsi script, rather than the pronunciation of the modern national language of Iran. A detailed introduction to the Baha'i Farsi Romanization can usually be found at the back of a Baha'i scripture.

ASCII Internet romanizations[编辑]

Template:Original research It is common to write Persian language with only English letters especially when commenting in weblogs or when using cellphones to send SMS. One form of such writing is as below

A a AA aa B b CH ch D d E e F f G g H h I i
/æ/ /ɑː/ /b/ /ʧ/ /d/ /e/ /f/ /ɡ/ /h/ /i/
J j K k L l M m N n O o P p GH gh R r S s
/dʒ/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /ɣ/ /ɾ/ /s/
SH sh T t U u V v W w KH kh Y y Z z ZH zh '
/ʃ/ /t/ /u/ /v/ /w/ /χ/ /j/ /z/ /ʒ/ /ʔ/

Perso-Arabic[编辑]

A variant of the Perso-Arabic script (technically an abjad) is used to write Tajik. In the Tajik version, as with all other versions of the Arabic alphabet, with the exception of 'ا' (alef), vowels are not given unique letters, but rather optionally indicated with diacritic marks.

The Tajik alphabet in Perso-Arabic
ر ذ د خ ح چ ج ث ت پ ب ا
/ɾ/ /z/ /d/ /χ/ /h/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /s/ /t/ /p/ /b/ /o/
ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ژ ز
/q/ /f/ /ʁ/ /ʔ/ /z/ /t/ /z/ /s/ /ʃ/ /s/ /ʒ/ /z/
ی ه و ن م ل گ ک
/j/ /h/ /v/ /n/ /m/ /l/ /ɡ/ /k/

Latin[编辑]

Template:See

The front page of "Kommunisti Isfara" from the 15th May, 1936.

The Latin script was introduced after the Russian Revolution in order to facilitate an increase in literacy and distance the language from Islamic influence. Only lowercase letters were found in the first versions of the Latin variant, between 1926 and 1929, as demonstrated by the image at the top right of this page. A slightly different version was used by the Jews of Central Asia including three extra characters for phonemes not found in the other dialects: ů, ə̧, and ḩ.[2]

The Tajik alphabet in Latin
A a B ʙ C c Ç ç D d E e F f G g Ƣ ƣ H h I i Ī ī
/a/ /b/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /d/ /e/ /f/ /ɡ/ /ʁ/ /h/ /i/ /ˈi/
J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s Ş ş T t
/j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /q/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /t/
U u Ū ū V v X x Z z Ƶ ƶ '
/u/ /ɵ/ /v/ /χ/ /z/ /ʒ/ /ʔ/

The unusual character Ƣ is called Gha and represents the phoneme /ɣ/. The character is found in the Uniform Turkic alphabet in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not used today, although the adoption of it is advocated by certain groups.[3]

Cyrillic[编辑]

Tajik written in Cyrillic was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet that had been used since the Bolshevik revolution. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Perso-Arabic script were banned from the country.[4] The alphabet below was supplemented by the letters Щ and Ы in 1952.

Text detail from the reverse of the Tajik 1 ruble note. The ruble was replaced in 2000 as a result of increasing inflation.
The Tajik alphabet in Cyrillic
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к
/a/ /b/ /v/ /ɡ/ /d/ /e/ /jɒ/ /ʒ/ /z/ /i/ /j/ /k/
Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ч ч
/l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/ /t/ /u/ /f/ /χ/ /ʧ/
Ш ш Ъ ъ Э э Ю ю Я я Ғ ғ Ӣ ӣ Қ қ Ӯ ӯ Ҳ ҳ Ҷ ҷ
/ʃ/ /ʔ/ /e/ /ju/ /ja/ /ʁ/ /ˈi/ /q/ /ɵ/ /h/ /ʤ/

In addition to these thirty-five letters, the letters Ц ц, Щ щ, and Ы ы can be found in loan words, although were officially dropped in the 1998 reform, along with the letter Ь ь. Along with the deprecation of these letters, the 1998 reform also changed the order of the alphabet, which now has the characters with diacritics following their unaltered partners, e.g. Г, Ғ and К, Қ etc.[5] leading to the present order: а б в г ғ д е ё з ж и ӣ й к қ л м н о п р с т у ӯ ф х ҳ ч ҷ ш ъ э ю я.

The alphabet includes a number of letters not found in the Russian alphabet:

Description Г with bar И with macron К with descender У with macron Х with descender Ч with descender
Letter Ғ Ӣ Қ Ӯ Ҳ Ҷ
Phoneme /ʁ/ /ij/ /q/ /ɵ/ /h/ /ʤ/

References[编辑]

  1. ↑ UniversalPersian [UniPers]
  2. ↑ perry2005b
  3. ↑ schlyter2
  4. ↑ perry1996
  5. ↑ perry2005c

External links[编辑]

National Anthems in Farsi[编辑]

取自“https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:大天王皇子/Farsi&oldid=129155”