馬紹爾語
馬紹爾語（馬紹爾語：Kajin M̧ajeļ或Kajin Majõl ）是馬紹爾群島个官方語言，渠屬於南島語系。
语音
[编辑]辅音
[编辑]马绍尔语有22隻辅音(其中5隻是以两隻字母表示)，附加一隻软腭中央近音(在乃朝个书写系统常莊省略脫):
| Primary | 双唇音 | 齿音 | 腭音 | 软腭音 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary | pal. | vel. | pal. | vel. | lab. | plain | lab. | |
| 鼻音 | m /mʲ/ | m̧ /mˠ/ | n /n̪ʲ/ | ņ /n̪ˠ/ | ņw /n̪ˠʷ/ | n̄ /ŋ/ | n̄w /ŋʷ/ | |
| 爆破音 | p /pʲ/ | b /bˠ/ | j /t̪ʲ/ | t /t̪ˠ/ | k /k/ | kw /kʷ/ | ||
| 翘舌音 | r /r̪ʲ/ | d /r̪ˠ/ | dw /r̪ˠʷ/ | |||||
| 近音 | l /l̪ʲ/ | ļ /l̪ˠ/ | ļw /l̪ˠʷ/ | y /j/ | h or ʔ /ɰ/ | w /w/ | ||
元音
[编辑]马绍尔语有4隻元音音位，每隻有好几种变体。
| 马绍尔语元音 | Simple realisations | Main orthographies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| height | phoneme | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| front | back | front | back | |||||
| High | (close) | /ɨ/ | [i] | [ɯ] | [u] | i | u | |
| Upper Mid | (near-close) | /ɘ/ | [ɪ] | [ɤ] (long) |
[ʊ] | i (or ę) | o | ū (or ü) |
| Lower Mid | (open-mid) | /ɜ/ | [e] | [ʌ] (short) |
[ɯ] | e | o̧ (or o̠) | ō (or ü) |
| Low | (open) | /ɐ/ | [ɛ] | [ɑ] | [ɔ] | a | ā (or ä) | |
正寫法
[编辑]近瑲把马绍尔语个正寫法经历爻一场改革。然而，多数人还是愿意使用过去个书写方式。渠使用拉丁字母，当中含有特殊记音符号。由于宗教派别弗同，马绍尔字母有几种弗同体系。天主教学校所教个拼写一般相同。公立学堂使用个拼写系统嚜在每個岛丄全有区别。下頭是乃歇常用个字母表。
| 基本字母 | 读音 | 带变音符号的字母 | 读音 | 带长音符号的字母 | 读音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | A | /ɐ/ [ɛ] /ɐ/ [ɑ] |
ā (or ä) | Ā (or Ä) | /ɐ/ [ɔ] | |||||
| b | B | /bˠ/ | ||||||||
| d | D | /r̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
| e | E | /ɜ/ [e] | ||||||||
| i | I | /ɨ/ [i] /ɘ/ [ɪ] |
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| j (or y) | J (or Y) | /j/ [ʒ] /j/ [j] |
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| k | K | /k/ | ||||||||
| l | L | /l̪ʲ/ | ļ (or ł) | Ļ (or Ł) | /l̪ˠ/ | |||||
| m | M | /mʲ/ | m̧ (or m̠) | M̧ (or M̠) | /mˠ/ | |||||
| n | N | /n̪ʲ/ | ņ (or n̠) | Ņ (or N̠) | /n̪ˠ/ | n̄ (or ñ or ŋ) | N̄ (or Ñ or Ŋ) | /ŋ/ | ||
| o | O | /ɘ/ [ɤ] (long) | o̧ (or o̠) | O̧ (or O̠) | /ɜ/ [ʌ] (short) | ō (or ö) | Ō (or Ö) | /ɜ/ [o] | ||
| p | P | /pʲ/ | ||||||||
| r | R | /r̪ʲ/ | ||||||||
| t | T | /t̪ˠ/ | ||||||||
| u | U | /ɨ/ [ɯ] /ɨ/ [u] |
ū (or ü) | Ū (or Ü) | /ɘ/ [ʊ] | |||||
| w | W | /w/ /ʷ/ |
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参攷資料
[编辑]- Bender, Byron W. (1968). Marshallese phonology. Oceanic Linguistics, 7, 16-35.
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Spoken Marshallese: an intensive language course with grammatical notes and glossary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0870220705
- Bender, Byron W. (1969). Vowel dissimilation in Marshallese. In Working papers in linguistics (No. 11, pp. 88-96). University of Hawaii.
- Bender, Byron W. (1973). Parallelisms in the morphophonemics of several Micronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics, 12, 455-477.
- Choi, John D. (1992). Phonetic underspecification and target interpolation: An acoustic study of Marshallese vowel allophony. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (No. 82). [1]
- Hale, Mark. (2007) Chapter 5 of Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Blackwell
- Hale, Mark. (2000). Marshallese phonology, the phonetics-phonology interface and historical linguistics. The Linguistic Review, 17, 241-257.