西里尔字母
来自 吴语维基百科
| 西里爾字母 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 類型： | 全音素文字 | |
| 語言： | 許多的斯拉夫語族語言, 及幾乎全數前蘇聯境內的語言(參見 使用西里爾字母的語言) | |
| 使用時期： | Earliest variants exist circa 940 | |
| 字母書寫系統： | 腓尼基字母 希臘字母 格拉哥里字母 西里爾字母 |
|
| 姊妹書寫系統： | 拉丁字母 科普特字母 |
|
| ISO 15924碼： | Cyrl | |
|
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
模板:Alphabet 西里尔字母或基利尔字母、基立爾字母、斯拉夫字母（俄文-{Кирилли́ческий алфави́т}-或-{кири́ллица}-，转写：kirillica），是通行于斯拉夫语族大多数民族中的字母书写系统。
内容 |
[编辑] 使用状况
阿塞拜疆语、格鲁吉亚语、土库曼语、乌兹别克语等文字曾经用西里尔字母改造，在脱离苏联独立后又恢复自己原有的文字。在俄罗斯联邦内，车臣共和国使用的车臣语和鞑靼斯坦共和国使用的鞑靼语，原打算改以拉丁字母书写，但受到苏联和俄罗斯政府阻挠。
[编辑] 斯拉夫语族
[编辑] 古教会斯拉夫语
| А | Б | В | Г | Д | Є | Ж | Ѕ | З | И | І, Ї |
| К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Ҁ | Р | С | Т | Ѹ |
| Ф | Х | Ѡ, Ѻ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | ЪІ | Ь | Ҍ |
| Ю | ІА | Ѧ | Ѩ | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ѥ |
| Ѿ |
[编辑] 俄语
| 俄语字母 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | Б | б | В | в | Г | г | Д | д | Е | е | Ё | ё | Ж | ж | З | з | И | и | Й | й | К | к | Л | л | М | м | Н | н |
| О | о | П | п | Р | р | С | с | Т | т | У | у | Ф | ф | Х | х | Ц | ц | Ч | ч | Ш | ш | Щ | щ | Ъ | ъ | Ы | ы | Ь | ь |
| Э | э | Ю | ю | Я | я | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 大写 | 小写 | 斜体大写 | 斜体小写 | 名称 | 国际音标 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | А | а | A | /a/ | |
| Б | б | Б | б | Be | /b/ | |
| В | в | В | в | Ve | /v/ | |
| Г | г | Г | г | Ge | /ɡ/ | |
| Д | д | Д | д | De | /d/ | |
| Е | е | Е | е | Je | /je/ | |
| Ё | ё | Ё | ё | Jo | /jo/ | |
| Ж | ж | Ж | ж | Že | /ʐ/ | |
| З | з | З | з | Ze | /z/ | |
| И | и | И | и | I | /i/ | |
| Й | й | Й | й | J (I short) | /j/ | |
| К | к | К | к | Ka | /k/ | |
| Л | л | Л | л | El | /l/ | |
| М | м | М | м | Em | /m/ | |
| Н | н | Н | н | En | /n/ | |
| О | о | О | о | O | /o/ | |
| П | п | П | п | Pe | /p/ | |
| Р | р | Р | р | Er | /r/ | |
| С | с | С | с | Es | /s/ | |
| Т | т | Т | т | Te | /t/ | |
| У | у | У | у | U | /u/ | |
| Ф | ф | Ф | ф | Ef | /f/ | |
| Х | х | Х | х | Ha | /x/ | |
| Ц | ц | Ц | ц | Ce | /ts/ | |
| Ч | ч | Ч | ч | Če | /tʂ/ | |
| Ш | ш | Ш | ш | Ša | /ʂ/ | |
| Щ | щ | Щ | щ | Šča | /ɕː/ | |
| Ъ | ъ | Ъ | ъ | Jer (hard)¹ | no palatalisation² | |
| Ы | ы | Ы | ы | Jery | /ɨ/ | |
| Ь | ь | Ь | ь | Jer (soft) | /ʲ/ | indicates palatalisation² |
| Э | э | Э | э | E | /ɛ/ | |
| Ю | ю | Ю | ю | Ju | /ju/ | |
| Я | я | Я | я | Ja | /ja/ |
[编辑] 乌克兰语
[编辑] 白俄罗斯语
[编辑] 保加利亚语
[编辑] 塞尔维亚语
[编辑] 马其顿语
[编辑] 其他语族
[编辑] 阿布哈兹语
[编辑] 楚瓦什语
[编辑] 哈萨克语
[编辑] 维吾尔语
[编辑] 蒙古语
[编辑] 布里亚特语
[编辑] 卡尔梅克语
[编辑] 电脑编码
[编辑] KOI-8 编码
KOI-8 编码系列是在 Unicode 流行之前很流行的西里尔字母电脑编码，主要有 KOI8-R (俄语)、 KOI8-U (乌克兰语) 等版本。请参阅 KOI-8。
[编辑] ISO 8859-5 编码
ISO 8859-5 编码是国际标准化组织制订的西里尔字母电脑编码，但使用率却不如KOI-8。请参阅 ISO/IEC 8859-5。
[编辑] Unicode 编码
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0400 | Ѐ | Ё | Ђ | Ѓ | Є | Ѕ | І | Ї | Ј | Љ | Њ | Ћ | Ќ | Ѝ | Ў | Џ |
| 0410 | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П |
| 0420 | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
| 0430 | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п |
| 0440 | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
| 0450 | ѐ | ё | ђ | ѓ | є | ѕ | і | ї | ј | љ | њ | ћ | ќ | ѝ | ў | џ |
| 0460 | Ѡ | ѡ | Ѣ | ѣ | Ѥ | ѥ | Ѧ | ѧ | Ѩ | ѩ | Ѫ | ѫ | Ѭ | ѭ | Ѯ | ѯ |
| 0470 | Ѱ | ѱ | Ѳ | ѳ | Ѵ | ѵ | Ѷ | ѷ | Ѹ | ѹ | Ѻ | ѻ | Ѽ | ѽ | Ѿ | ѿ |
| 0480 | Ҁ | ҁ | ҂ | ҃ | ҄ | ҅ | ҆ | ҈ | ҉ | Ҋ | ҋ | Ҍ | ҍ | Ҏ | ҏ | |
| 0490 | Ґ | ґ | Ғ | ғ | Ҕ | ҕ | Җ | җ | Ҙ | ҙ | Қ | қ | Ҝ | ҝ | Ҟ | ҟ |
| 04A0 | Ҡ | ҡ | Ң | ң | Ҥ | ҥ | Ҧ | ҧ | Ҩ | ҩ | Ҫ | ҫ | Ҭ | ҭ | Ү | ү |
| 04B0 | Ұ | ұ | Ҳ | ҳ | Ҵ | ҵ | Ҷ | ҷ | Ҹ | ҹ | Һ | һ | Ҽ | ҽ | Ҿ | ҿ |
| 04C0 | Ӏ | Ӂ | ӂ | Ӄ | ӄ | Ӆ | ӆ | Ӈ | ӈ | Ӊ | ӊ | Ӌ | ӌ | Ӎ | ӎ | |
| 04D0 | Ӑ | ӑ | Ӓ | ӓ | Ӕ | ӕ | Ӗ | ӗ | Ә | ә | Ӛ | ӛ | Ӝ | ӝ | Ӟ | ӟ |
| 04E0 | Ӡ | ӡ | Ӣ | ӣ | Ӥ | ӥ | Ӧ | ӧ | Ө | ө | Ӫ | ӫ | Ӭ | ӭ | Ӯ | ӯ |
| 04F0 | Ӱ | ӱ | Ӳ | ӳ | Ӵ | ӵ | Ӷ | ӷ | Ӹ | ӹ | ||||||
| 0500 | Ԁ | ԁ | Ԃ | ԃ | Ԅ | ԅ | Ԇ | ԇ | Ԉ | ԉ | Ԋ | ԋ | Ԍ | ԍ | Ԏ | ԏ |
The Russian alphabet is as follows:
| Capital | Small | Handwriting | Name | Old Name1 | IPA | English Example | Numerical Value19 | Unicode (Hex) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а |  |
а [a] |
азъ [as] |
/a/ | a in father | 1 | U+0410 / U+0430 |
| Б | б |  |
бэ [bɛ] |
буки [ˈbu.kʲɪ] |
/b/ or /bʲ/ | b in bit | - | U+0411 / U+0431 |
| В | в |  |
вэ [vɛ] |
вѣди ['vʲe.dʲɪ] |
/v/ or /vʲ/ | v in vine | 2 | U+0412 / U+0432 |
| Г | г |  |
гэ [gɛ] |
глаголь [glɐˈgolʲ] |
/g/ | g in go | 3 | U+0413 / U+0433 |
| Д | д |  |
дэ [dɛ] |
добро [dɐˈbro] |
/d/ or /dʲ/ | d in do | 4 | U+0414 / U+0434 |
| Е | е4 |  |
е [jɛ] |
есть [jesʲtʲ] |
/je/ or / ʲe/ | ye in yet | 5 | U+0415 / U+0435 |
| Ё | ё4,7 |  |
ё [jo] |
- | /jo/ or / ʲo/ | yo in yolk | - | U+0401 / U+0451 |
| Ж | ж |  |
жэ [ʐɛ] |
живѣте [ʐɨˈvʲe.tʲɪ][1] |
/ʐ/[2] | g in genre, s in pleasure, or zh (voiced retroflex fricative) | - | U+0416 / U+0436 |
| З | з |  |
зэ [zɛ] |
земля [zʲɪˈmlʲa] |
/z/ or /zʲ/ | z in zoo | 7 | U+0417 / U+0437 |
| И | и4 |  |
и [i] |
иже [ˈi.ʐɨ] |
/i/ or / ʲi/ | ee in see | 8 | U+0418 / U+0438 |
| Й | й |  |
и краткое [i ˈkra.tkə.ɪ] |
и съ краткой [ɪ s ˈkra.tkəj] |
/j/ | y in yes | - | U+0419 / U+0439 |
| К | к |  |
ка [ka] |
како [ˈka.kə] |
/k/ or /kʲ/ | k in kitten | 20 | U+041A / U+043A |
| Л | л |  |
эл or эль [el] or [elʲ] |
люди [ˈlʲʉ.dʲɪ] |
/l/ or /lʲ/ | l in lamp | 30 | U+041B / U+043B |
| М | м |  |
эм [ɛm] |
мыслѣте [mɨ.ˈsʲlʲe.tʲɪ][3] |
/m/ or /mʲ/ | m in map | 40 | U+041C / U+043C |
| Н | н |  |
эн [ɛn] |
нашъ [naʂ] |
/n/ or /nʲ/ | n in not | 50 | U+041D / U+043D |
| О | о |  |
o [o] |
онъ [on] |
/o/ | al in chalk (in RP English) | 70 | U+041E / U+043E |
| П | п |  |
пэ [pɛ] |
покой [pɐˈkoj] |
/p/ or /pʲ/ | p in pet | 80 | U+041F / U+043F |
| Р | р |  |
эр [ɛr] |
рцы [rtsɨ] |
/r/ or /rʲ/ | rolled r | 100 | U+0420 / U+0440 |
| С | с |  |
эс [ɛs] |
слово [ˈslo.və] |
/s/ or /sʲ/ | s in see | 200 | U+0421 / U+0441 |
| Т | т |  |
тэ [tɛ] |
твердо [ˈtvʲɛ.rdə] |
/t/ or /tʲ/ | t in tip | 300 | U+0422 / U+0442 |
| У | у |  |
у [u] |
укъ [uk] |
/u/ | oo in boot | 400 | U+0423 / U+0443 |
| Ф | ф |  |
эф [ɛf] |
фертъ [fʲɛrt] |
/f/ or /fʲ/ | f in face | 500 | U+0424 / U+0444 |
| Х | х |  |
ха [xa] |
хѣръ [xʲɛr] |
/x/ | ch in Channukah (Hebrew) or Bach (German) (voiceless velar fricative) | 600 | U+0425 / U+0445 |
| Ц | ц |  |
це [tsɛ] |
цы [tsɨ] |
/ts/ | ts in sits | 900 | U+0426 / U+0446 |
| Ч | ч |  |
че [tɕɛ] |
червь [tɕɛrfʲ] |
/tɕ/ | ch in chip | 90 | U+0427 / U+0447 |
| Ш | ш |  |
ша [ʂa] |
ша [ʂa] |
/ʂ/ | sh in shut (voiceless retroflex fricative) | - | U+0428 / U+0448 |
| Щ | щ |  |
ща [ɕɕa] |
ща [ɕtɕa] |
/ɕɕ/ | similar to the "sh" in sheer (but with a slightly more "y" sound) (sometimes followed by a sound similar to the "ch" in chip (closer to a "y" and "ch" sound at the same time) such as the phrase "Welsh cheese") (voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative) |
- | U+0429 / U+0449 |
| Ъ | ъ |  |
твёрдый знак [ˈtvʲо.rdɨj znak] |
еръ [jɛr] |
Note2 | a sign which, placed after a consonant, indicates it is not palatalized | - | U+042A / U+044A |
| Ы | ы |  |
ы [ɨ] |
еры [jɪˈrɨ] |
[ɨ]5 | i in sill | - | U+042B / U+044B |
| Ь | ь |  |
мягкий знак [ˈmʲækʲɪj znak] |
ерь [jerʲ] |
/ ʲ/3 | a sign which, placed after a consonant, indicates a softened pronunciation | - | U+042C / U+044C |
| Э | э6 |  |
э [ɛ] |
э оборотное [ˈɛ ə.bɐˈro.tnə.ɪ] |
/e/ | e in met | - | U+042D / U+044D |
| Ю | ю |  |
ю4 [ju] |
ю [ju] |
/ju/ or / ʲu/ | u in use | - | U+042E / U+044E |
| Я | я4,16,17 |  |
я [ja] |
я [ja] |
/ja/ or / ʲa/ | ya in yard | - | U+042F / U+044F |
| letters eliminated in 1918 | ||||||||
| І | і8 | - | - | і десятеричное [i] |
/i/ or / ʲi/ | Like и | 10 | |
| Ѳ | ѳ9 | - | - | ѳита [fʲɪˈta] |
/f/ or /fʲ/ | Like ф | 9 | |
| Ѣ | ѣ10 | - | - | ять [jætʲ] |
/je/ or / ʲe/ | Like е | - | |
| Ѵ | ѵ11 | - | - | ижица [ˈi.ʐɨ.tsə] |
/i/ or / ʲi/ | Like и | - | |
| letters in disuse by the 18th century18 | ||||||||
| Ѕ | ѕ14 | - | - | зѣло [ˈzʲɛ.lə] |
/dz/, /z/ or /zʲ/ | Like з | 6 | |
| Ѯ | ѯ12 | - | - | кси [ksʲi] |
/ks/ or /ksʲ/ | Like кс | 60 | |
| Ѱ | ѱ12 | - | - | пси [psʲi] |
/ps/ or /psʲ/ | Like пс | 700 | |
| Ѡ | ѡ13 | - | - | омега [ɐˈmʲɛ.gə] |
/o/ | Like о | 800 | |
| Ѫ | ѫ | - | - | юсъ большой [jus bɐlʲˈʂoj] |
/u/,/ju/ or / ʲu/15 | Like у or ю | - | |
| Ѧ15 | ѧ15 | - | - | юсъ малый [jus ˈmɑ.lɨj] |
/ja/ or / ʲa/16 | Like я | - | |
| Ѭ | ѭ | - | - | юсъ большой іотированный [jus bɐlʲˈʂoj jɪˈtʲi.rə.vən.nɨj] |
/ju/ or / ʲu/15 | Like ю | - | |
| Ѩ | ѩ | - | - | юсъ малый іотированный [jus ˈmɑ.lɨj jɪˈtʲi.rə.vən.nɨj] |
/ja/ or / ʲa/15 | Like я | - | |
文件:Zh.svg
200px
Letter Ж, ж (zh) has more variants of writing than any other Russian letter.
The consonant letters represent both “hard” and “soft” (palatalised, represented in the IPA with a < ʲ >) phonemes, depending (with some exceptions) on whether the iotated or softening vowel letters follow. The transcriptions of the names of the letters attempt to reflect the reduction of non-stressed vowels. See Russian phonology for details.
Letter Л, л is commonly called эл [el] in modern Russian; эль [elʲ] is also used but is considered a little obsolete.
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