卐
来自 吴语维基百科
卐 (右旋) 或卍 (左旋) (梵文:स्वस्तिक ,IAST:svástika;好运的象征),是古代印度宗教的吉祥标志。中国唐代武则天将卐定为右旋,定音为“万”,义为“吉祥万德之所集”。佛教中一般写作“卍”。中國傳統紋樣中就有使用這個符號的萬字不到頭。 唐代高僧玄奘将卍翻译为“德”。
卐字的形态是在十字的基础上将其四臂旋轉90°方向,向左向右的都有。一般,卐字有正着或倾斜45°角的两种画法.在卐字的印度原形中,四笔的每笔中还包括一点(如右图所示).
在西藏原始宗教苯教中,卍字(g.yung drung)是“永恒不变”的象征,由于藏传佛教中使用的转经筒都是从左向右转,所以都写作“卍”。
西方语言中卐字称为swastika,这源于梵语--स्वस्तिक。
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[编辑] 起源
卐字在很多文化中出現。它的對稱性與簡潔引領著各地的獨立發展。
它歷史悠久,在新石器時代的歐亞大陸已經被採用。卍字常見於印度國家(特別是尼泊爾和印度) 的宗教和民間儀式。多數印度的房屋的門口、寺廟、婚禮、節日和慶典中用卍字來裝飾。後來,印度國王把這個標誌介紹給東南亞。到了今天仍然是峇里島印度教的一部分,在印度尼西亞是隨處可見。有歐洲,它出現在前基督徒歐洲文化的人工製品中。美國印地安文化也獨立地採用了它。
[编辑] 起源假說
卐字在各地出現,可能因為圖案簡單,在編織籃子的社會中容易流行起來。卐字是一個可以拼貼的圖案,可以在方型的籃子中屈曲蘆葦或茅草而成的。
[编辑] 藝術與建築
中国明清时期所建的皇家建筑的椽子头都被装饰有金“卐”字,另一头画有蝙蝠,意为万福。
[编辑] 宗教與神話
[编辑] 印度教
[编辑] 基督教
虽然一些基督教会建立基于罗马式和哥特式时期,它们的装饰都带有纳粹党所使用的卐字记号,继续早期罗马式的设计,纳粹所使用的卐记号并没有赋予任何的象征主义或者意义。 犹太教会堂的场地在Ein Gedi, 建造时是在罗马占领Judea(古代罗马所统治的Palestine 南部),用纳粹的卐字记号镶嵌来做装饰的。
[编辑] 其他亞洲國家
[编辑] 美國土著傳統
[编辑] 二十世紀初
[编辑] 歐洲
在芬蘭,從1918年到1944年,卐字類似了的「hakarisuti」作為空軍及陸軍的國家章被使用了。藍的hakarisuti是芬蘭內戰中,根據白軍贈送了最初的飛機的瑞典的伯爵Erich von Rosen被使用了的幸運的符號。藍的hakarisutiNazis的反萬字無關。現在被芬蘭的獎牌及裝飾物以不突出的形式也使用。
瑞典的公司ASEA(現在瑞士企業Asea Brown Boveri的一部分),從1800年代到1933年的標誌使用了卐字。
[编辑] 北美
[编辑] 納粹德國
[编辑] 參考
- Aigner, Dennis J. (2000). The Swastika Symbol in Navajo Textiles. Laguna Beach, California: DAI Press. ISBN 0-9701898-0-X.
- Sagan, Carl, and Ann Druyan (1985). Comet. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-54908-2. London: Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-2631-9.
- Tan Huay Peng. (1980-1983). Fun with Chinese Characters. Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 981-01-3005-8.
- Wilson, Thomas (Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U.S. National Museum) (1896). "The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations; with Observations on the Migration of Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times". In Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution
[编辑] 有關文獻
- A critical update to remove unacceptable symbols from the Bookshelf Symbol 7 font. Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 833407. November 8, 2004.
- Aigner, Dennis J. (2000). The Swastika Symbol in Navajo Textiles. Laguna Beach, California: DAI Press. ISBN 0-9701898-0-X.
- Clarence House issues apology for Prince Harry's Nazi costume. BBC News. January 13, 2005.
- Clube, V. and Napier, B. The Cosmic Serpent. Universe Books, 1982.
- Enthoven, R.E. The Folklore of Bombay. London: Oxford University Press, 1924 (pp. 40–45).
- Gardner, N. (2006) Multiple Meanings: The Swastika Symbol. In Hidden Europe, 11, pp. 35–37. Berlin. ISSN 1860-6318.
- Jaume Ollé, Željko Heimer, and Norman Martin. "State Flag and Ensign 1935–1945" December 29, 2004. The Reichsdienstflagge.
- Lonsdale, Steven. Animals and the Origin of Dance, Thames and Hudson Inc., NY, 1982 (pp. 169–181).
- MacCulloch, C.J.A. Canon, John A. (Ed.) Mythology of all Races. vol. 8 ("Chinese Mythology" Ferguson, John C.) Marshall Jones Co. Boston, MA 1928 (p. 31).
- ManWoman. Gentle Swastika: Reclaiming the Innocence, Cranbrook, B.C., Canada: Flyfoot Press, 2001. ISBN 0-9688716-0-7.
- Marcus Wendel, Jaume Ollé, et al. "Schutzstaffel/SS" December 14, 2001.
- Morphy, Howard (Ed.). Animals into Art (ONE WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY; vol. 7) Unwin Gyman Ltd., London, 1989 (chapt. 11 Schaafsma, Polly).
- Norman Martin et al. "Standard of the Leader and National Chancellor 1935–1945". April 9, 2004. Hitler's personal flag.
- Roy, Pratap Chandra. The Mahabharata, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1973 (vol. 1 section 13–58, vol. 5 section 2–3).
- Schliemann, Henry. Ilios Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, NY, 1881 (pp. 334–353).
- Tan Huay Peng. (1980–1983). Fun with Chinese Characters. Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 981-01-3005-8.
- The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations; with Observations on the Migration of Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times. In Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution
- Whipple, Fred L. The Mystery of Comets Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC 1985, (pp. 163–167).
- Wilson, Thomas (Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U.S. National Museum) (1896).
[编辑] 外部鏈接
[编辑] 一般
- 霎哈嘉瑜伽中文通訊 2‧佛教的本相
- The History of the Swastika (About.com)
- The Swastika in Heraldry (comments from the Heraldica mailing list)
- The Origins of the Swastika BBC News
- Windsor's "Swastikas" Hockey Teams 1905-1916
- sites presenting versions of Wilson's The Swastika (above)
- The Swastika (a transcription for Northvegr by Alfta Svani Lothursdottir; contains some transcription errors)
- Swaztika (sic) (a scan of the original publication)
- The Swastika, the Earliest Known Symbol (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; requires DjVu plugin)
[编辑] 起源
- Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse by Bob Kobres
- Swastika in Indian Culture by Jyotsna Kamat
[编辑] 納粹用途
- Origins and its first appearance as a Nazi symbol
- The Swastika and the Nazis by Servando González
- from Flags of the World:
- Origins of the Swastika Flag (Third Reich, Germany) (collection of links and comments)
- Neonazi flags (links to other FOTW pages)
[编辑] 禁忌
- Report: Lampposts (a "City of Glendale Interdepartmental Communication" from the City Attorney to the Mayor discussing swastikas on 1920s lampposts in Glendale, California; Attachment E has photographs of the lampposts in question)
[编辑] 康復
- Friends of the Swastika (images of swastikas in various contexts)
- Rehabilitating the Fylfot (notes from the Odinic Rite's website)
- Rehabilitating the Swastika Hindus in Britain launch campaign to revive the Swastika
[编辑] 参见